Supported Instruments

YaO supports 54 instruments across 10 families (46 standard + 8 non-Western cultural). Each has a defined MIDI range and General MIDI program number, centralized in src/yao/constants/instruments.py. Eight non-Western instruments have extended profiles in src/yao/constants/custom_instruments.py with cultural origin, idiomatic techniques, and typical scales.

Keyboard

Instrument	Range	MIDI Low–High	GM Program
piano	A0–C8	21–108	0
electric_piano	E1–G7	28–103	4
harpsichord	F1–F6	29–89	6
celesta	C4–C8	60–108	8
organ	C2–C7	36–96	19

Strings

Instrument	Range	MIDI Low–High	GM Program
violin	G3–G7	55–103	40
viola	C3–A6	48–93	41
cello	C2–E5	36–76	42
contrabass	E1–C4	28–60	43
harp	C1–G7	24–103	46
strings_ensemble	E1–G7	28–103	48

Guitar

Instrument	Range	MIDI Low–High	GM Program
acoustic_guitar_nylon	E2–C6	40–84	24
acoustic_guitar_steel	E2–C6	40–84	25
electric_guitar_clean	E2–E6	40–88	27

Bass

Instrument	Range	MIDI Low–High	GM Program
acoustic_bass	E1–C4	28–60	32
electric_bass_finger	E1–F4	28–65	33
electric_bass_pick	E1–F4	28–65	34
synth_bass	C1–C5	24–72	38

Brass

Instrument	Range	MIDI Low–High	GM Program
trumpet	G3–A#5	55–82	56
trombone	E2–C5	40–72	57
tuba	E1–A#3	28–58	58
french_horn	A#1–F5	34–77	60

Woodwind

Instrument	Range	MIDI Low–High	GM Program
oboe	A#3–G6	58–91	68
clarinet	D3–G6	50–91	71
flute	C4–C7	60–96	73
piccolo	D5–C8	74–108	72
bassoon	A#1–D#5	34–75	70

Saxophone

Instrument	Range	MIDI Low–High	GM Program
alto_sax	C#3–G#5	49–80	65
tenor_sax	G#2–D#5	44–75	66
baritone_sax	C2–A4	36–69	67

Synth

Instrument	Range	MIDI Low–High	GM Program
synth_lead_square	C1–C8	24–108	80
synth_lead_saw	C1–C8	24–108	81
synth_pad_warm	C1–C8	24–108	89

Percussion (Pitched)

Instrument	Range	MIDI Low–High	GM Program
timpani	E2–A3	40–57	47
vibraphone	F3–F6	53–89	11
marimba	A2–C7	45–96	12
xylophone	F4–C8	65–108	13
glockenspiel	C5–C8	72–108	9

Non-Western / Custom

These instruments also have extended profiles (CustomInstrument) with cultural origin, idiomatic techniques, typical velocity ranges, and typical scales.

Instrument	Range	MIDI Low–High	GM Program	Cultural Origin
shakuhachi	G3–C6	55–84	77	Japanese
koto	E2–C6	40–84	107	Japanese
shamisen	D3–G5	50–79	106	Japanese
taiko	C2–C4	36–60	116	Japanese
sitar	C3–C6	48–84	104	Indian
tabla	C2–C5	36–72	115	Indian
oud	G2–G5	43–79	25	Middle Eastern
ney	G3–D6	55–86	72	Middle Eastern